Aims: The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the amount of wildlife mortality and traffic rates in Khojir National Park, and with regard to that, finding a suitable location for installing signs according to the standard level sign structure. Materials and Methods: In this study, the current placement of wildlife warning signs was assessed in Khojir National Park, 2010, Tehran, Iran and a method to optimize warning sign placement using kernel density estimations was developed based on existing records for wildlife-vehicle accidents. Kernel density estimation is one of the best methods for finding a suitable location for installing the signs. The most promising of these tools is kernel density estimation, at first with questioner has found nearly point and after that with GPS try to register them in visual page. With kernel density prove to find the best radius, because of installing the sign. Results: Finally in this project, the best radius was found to be 50 m from one accident point, because of supporting the optimum location for installing signs, and finding the four points for installing the signs, and for designing wildlife signs using the symbol of maximum species that was injured in vehicle collision. Conclusion: Finding an area for installing wildlife, the designing of warning signs, and other precautions such as wildlife crossings and overpass creation are useful in decreasing wildlife accidents.

Aims: This study was aimed to determine national sanitation foundation water quality index (NSFWQI), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and some other parameters such as electricity conductivity (EC) and sodium percent (%Na) to investigate the quality of the Jajrood and the Damavand rivers, the mix of them and Mamloo dam. Materials and Methods: The tested parameters were pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, total solids, nitrate, phosphate, turbidity, temperature, fecal coliform, EC, Na, potassium (K), calcium and magnesium. The used indices were NSFWQI, SAR, %Na and magnesium hazard. Results: average WQI for the Jajrood river (S₁), Damavand river (S₂), mix of S₁ and S₂(S₃) and the Mamloo dam (S₄) were 71.7 (good), 64.5 (medium), 70.6 (medium) and 77.3 (good), respectively. According to USA Laboratory Diagram and Wilcox diagram, all the sampling points were in C₃-S₁(very good to good classes), C₂-S₁(good to permissible classes) categories. Conclusion: According to the results, the water of sampling points is unsuitable for direct human consumption. However, for the S₁, S₂ and S₃ as drinking water, advanced treatment may be needed. For S₄ as a drinking water source, conventional treatment may be necessary. All the sampling points are suitable for irrigation purposes under normal conditions.

Aims: The aim of the study is to assess nitrite residual in highly used processed meat products and investigate risk assessment nitrite in the products in growing age group in Isfahan in 2014. Materials and Methods: The study is descriptive and analytical that 180 highly used processed meat product samples for its nitrite residue has been evaluated by Association of Official Analytical Chemists. In this study, the amount of highly used processed meat product consumption in growing age group has been provided by the questionnaire that has been confirmed by reliability and validity. Results: The amount of nitrite residue in 180 samples that has been evaluated is below the standard of Iran (120 ppm). Amount of nitrite intake from meat products that has been consumed by the growing age group was 0.0058 mg/kg that is 8.28% of daily intake of nitrite. Conclusion: The amount of nitrite intake from highly used processed meat products in growing age group is not in risk range for health human.

Aims: In this study, the amount of the reduction in absorption silencer sound filled with Iranian absorbing materials and influence of thickness and density of adsorbent material in silence was investigated. Materials and Methods: We used galvanized channel 0.6 mm with 30 × 30 cm ² dimension and axial fan. Length of absorptive silencer was 50 cm, and there used the mineral wool absorbent. Absorptive silencer as channel was designed to cross a section of channel and silencers after embedded the absorber be identical together. This study deals with a number of variables that affect performance of absorptive silencer in the channel and their impact on reducing the sound pressure level be examined. Results: In the frequencies 125 and 250 Hz a reduction of sound pressure level was found. While in frequency 500 Hz minimal reduction is achieved. In this study, an increase in the thickness of the absorbent material of absorption silencer, there was a little change in the volume decreasing but with increasing density from 80 to 100 Kg/m ³ better results were seen to reduce noise levels and it caused to increase NR rate. Conclusion: According to data from the present study we can used silencer with 5 cm thick and 100 Kg/m ³ density in the reduction of sound pressure level at frequencies lower than 250 Hz in the ventilation system as an effective device.

Aims: This study was carried to control and monitor the sound using LabVIEW software. Methods: The research was done using LabVIEW software, microphones, and data-acquisition card hardware. Environmental information collected as sound pressure level via microphones and then processed by the data-acquisition card hardware. The information is showed by software as a graph or plot in the next step. Results: This software includes front panel, back panel, and connector panel and with these panels, we can determine information such as various frequency weighting and time weighting. Also, can be specified the sound pressure level, sound amplitude, power spectrum, power spectral density, and other sound characteristics. Conclusion: LabVIEW programming capabilities in the field of sound can be referred to the measurement of sound, frequency analysis, and sound control that actually the software acts like a sound level meter and sound analyzer. According to the mentioned features, we can use this software to analyze and process sound and vibration as a monitoring system.

Aims: The ability of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) for copper adsorption from synthetic wastewater was evaluated. Materials and Methods: The batch adsorption studies were performed under various laboratory conditions with initial Copper concentrations of 1, 5, 10, and 50 mg/l, adsorbent dose of 0.1-0.4 mg/L, contact time of 1-60 min and pH of 5-8. The solution was mixed with a mechanical shaker with 150 r.p.m. at 20°C. The suitability of the adsorbent was evaluated using Langmuir, Freundlich isotherm models. Results: The optimum pH for the copper removal was 6-7. The capacity of copper adsorption at equilibrium conditions increased by increasing the concentration of the adsorbate. On increasing the initial concentration of the Cu solution, copper removal reduced. The maximum removal of copper was obtained in dose 0.4 mg/L SWCNTs, 10 mg/L concentration of copper, pH: 7 and 10 min contact time, which were equal to 94%. The Both on Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models gave the appropriate accordance to the adsorption data (R² > 0.99). The maximum copper adsorption capacity obtained 1.33 mg/g by SWCNTs. Conclusion: The adsorption rate of the copper ions from synthetic wastewater in optimal conditions was quick. In these conditions, the SWCNTs were able to adsorb copper ions from the synthetic wastewater, effectively.

Aims: In this study, the toxicity of three metal plating wastewaters were assessed using sequencing batch reactor (SBR) bacteria. Materials and Methods: For determining the growth inhibition in each metal plating wastewater concentration, the cultured SBR bacteria on nutrient broth media were used and after exposure they cultured on nutrient agar media. Each test was performed in three replicates. Mean of three replicate were analyzed, and no observed effect concentration (NOEC), 50% effective concentration (EC₅₀) was calculated using the probit analysis in SPSS version 16.0 software (SPSS Inc., 233 South Wacker Driv). Results: According to the probit analysis, there is no effect on tested bacteria at the concentrations of 1 mL/L, >50 mL/L and >100 mL/L of metal plating wastewaters in sample 1, 2 and 3, respectively. While almost all bacteria will be dead in the concentration of 1000 mL/L of each metal plating wastewater. Maximum and minimum EC₅₀ were recorded for the metal plating wastewater number 3 (with value of 960 mL/L) and number 1 (with value of 6.5 mL/L). On the other hand, the calculation of NOEC using probit analysis showed that sample 1 is toxic even in minimum concentrations because its NOEC was 1.1 mL/L. Conclusion: Results of this study showed that some metal plating wastewaters in the very low concentrations could induce an adverse effect on the bacterial community structures of WWTPs biological units. Hence, it could be recommended that effluent standards and in-situ treatment rules should be applied according to the kind of process in such industries.

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of E-mail-based intervention on safe crossing behaviors among Isfahan University of Medical Science students, in year 2014 in Iran. Materials and Methods: In over all, 78 boy-students with 22.33 ± 1.65 years were participated in an E-mail-based intervening study. They divided into intervention group (n = 38) and control group (n = 40) by use of random allocation. The instrument of data collection included questionnaire of theory of planned behavior constructs and traffic behaviors. Questionnaires were filled out by both groups at the baseline and 6 months after the educational intervention. The safe crossing educational intervention was conducted within 1-month through E-mail service for the intervention group. The control group received no education. Results: Results showed no significant differences between groups in mean of attitude toward safe crossing, subjective norms (SNs), perceived behavioral control (PBC), intention and safe crossing behaviors at baseline (P > 0.05). MANCOVA test demonstrated that there is a significant difference between groups after the educational intervention with adjusting the effect of age (P = 0.001, F = 31.144, Wilks lambda = 0.313). According to the ANCOVA test, after educational intervention, mean of positive attitude toward safe crossing, PBC, intention and behaviors related to safe crossing were increased in intervention group in comparing control group (P < 0.005). Conclusion: E-mail-based intervention can promote safe crossing behaviors among college students. Conducting further studies with focusing on SNs related to safe crossing is suggested.

Aims: The purpose of the present study was to investigating relationship between perceptual strain index (PeSI) with indices heat strain score (HSSI), wet bulb globe temperature (WGBT) in experimental hot condition. Materials and Methods: This study in five different temperature conditions (21°C, 24°C, 27°C, 30°C, and 35°C) was carried out on 15 male students in the climate chamber and on the treadmill with three levels of the activity. The thermal sensation and perceived exertion was recorded for calculating PeSI, and HSSI questionnaire was completed. Results: Pearson correlation test showed a high correlation (r = 0.84) between the PeSI and HSSI (P = 0.001). Also, Pearson correlation test showed between PeSI with WBGT and air temperature, respectively, a good correlation (r = 0.76) and high correlation (r = 0.81) (P = 0.001). Conclusion: The findings of the study showed that the PeSI can be used for evaluating heat strain in the absence of access to other methods of evaluating heat stress since it has an acceptable correlation with valid indices of heat stress. Also, easy application and quick and cost is much less than other evaluating heat strain indices.

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate sewage sludge quality of Isfahan wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as a fertilizer in agricultural lands. Materials and Methods: The samples were collected seasonally from two WWTPs, including North-Isfahan and Shahin-Shahr in 2012 and 2013, seasonally and biochemical parameters were measured for each site. Results: The studied parameters were meet the Iranian standard level, including pH, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, total solids, organic matter, and moisture content except of magnesium. The carbon-nitrogen ratios was varied 7.41-9.45 and 8.7-9 in Shahin-Shahr and North-Isfahan WWTPs, respectively. The organic nitrogen was composed the highest percentage of the total nitrogen (about 78%) and inorganic nitrogen was in normal ranges. The electrical conductivity was varied 5-8.8 ds/m to 4.6-7.5 ds/m in Shahin-Shahr and North-Isfahan WWTPs, respectively. It may contribute to soil salinity in long term. Maximum nitrogen and phosphorous values were related to winter samples in both WWTPs. In Shahin-Shahr WWTP, minimum and maximum of potassium, calcium, and magnesium were measured in spring while they were the highest in spring in North-Isfahan WWTP. Conclusion: Application of sewage sludge of Isfahan WWTP as a fertilizer could be useful regardless to its microbial contents because it provides essential nutrients for plants growth regardless to its fecal and total coliforms.

Aims: The present study was carried out to determine biokinetic coefficients of a pilot-scale adsorption-bio-oxidation process. Materials and Methods: The pilot plant was simulated North wastewater treatment plant, Isfahan, Iran. The pilot plant was operated 135 days under different mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations in aeration tank. In each phase, MLSS value was kept constant to reach a steady state condition. B-stage has a higher hydraulic retention time and SRT than A-stage. Also, in order to determine influence of biokinetic parameters on the effluent substrate concentration, a sensitivity analysis was performed. Results: The coefficients Y, K _d , K _S , and μ_max of A-stage were 1.34 mg VSS/mg sCOD, 0.17 d⁻¹ , 8.61 mg/L, and 2.78 d⁻¹ , respectively. Also, Y, K _d , K _S , and μ_max of B-stage were 0.74 mg VSS/mg sCOD, 0.12 d⁻¹ , 3.34 mg/L, and 71.94 d⁻¹ , respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that in the A-stage, all coefficients are directly proportional to the effluent sCOD concentration. In the B-stage, K _d and K _S are directly proportional, but μ_max was inversely proportional to the effluent sCOD concentration. Conclusions: All coefficients were in the range of activated sludge coefficients that are mentioned in the literature, except μ_max and K _S of B-stage. However, K _S value of B-stage was close to the desired range. Sensitivity analysis showed that μ_max and K _S have the most influence on effluent substrate concentration (sCOD).

Aims: This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of conventional technologies, UV irradiation and ozonation process, and UV/O₃ as advanced oxidation processes to remove phthalate from aqueous solutions. Materials and Methods: The initial concentration of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was 5 mg/L. The photolysis, ozonation, and UV/O₃ processes were conducted separately at different contact times (5-30 min). Then, the DEHP residuals in the solutions were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The effect of ozone dosage was also evaluated in the range of 50-400 mg/h on DEHP degradation. Kinetic and the rate constants were determined. Results: The results indicated that using UV and ozonation alone, the maximum DEHP removal efficiency were 43% and 50%, respectively. The UV/O₃ process considerably improved the degradation of DEHP up to 80%. The synergistic effect observed in the combined processes mainly due to the effects of UV in enhancing the ozone decomposition, led to higher degradation for 30 min treatment. A kinetic study showed the degradation in UV/O₃ followed the first-order model. In addition, the maximum DEHP removal rate was 74% with 200 mg/h ozone dosage by ozonation alone process, but it was 93% at same condition by UV/O₃ process. Conclusion: It could be found that the UV/O₃ process is a method for DEHP degradation in aqueous solution and may be recommended as a supplement with other processes for treatment of solutions containing low DEHP concentrations.