Aims: The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the amount of wildlife mortality and traffic rates in Khojir National Park, and with regard to that, finding a suitable location for installing signs according to the standard level sign structure. Materials and Methods: In this study, the current placement of wildlife warning signs was assessed in Khojir National Park, 2010, Tehran, Iran and a method to optimize warning sign placement using kernel density estimations was developed based on existing records for wildlife-vehicle accidents. Kernel density estimation is one of the best methods for finding a suitable location for installing the signs. The most promising of these tools is kernel density estimation, at first with questioner has found nearly point and after that with GPS try to register them in visual page. With kernel density prove to find the best radius, because of installing the sign. Results: Finally in this project, the best radius was found to be 50 m from one accident point, because of supporting the optimum location for installing signs, and finding the four points for installing the signs, and for designing wildlife signs using the symbol of maximum species that was injured in vehicle collision. Conclusion: Finding an area for installing wildlife, the designing of warning signs, and other precautions such as wildlife crossings and overpass creation are useful in decreasing wildlife accidents.

Aims: This study was aimed to determine national sanitation foundation water quality index (NSFWQI), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and some other parameters such as electricity conductivity (EC) and sodium percent (%Na) to investigate the quality of the Jajrood and the Damavand rivers, the mix of them and Mamloo dam. Materials and Methods: The tested parameters were pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, total solids, nitrate, phosphate, turbidity, temperature, fecal coliform, EC, Na, potassium (K), calcium and magnesium. The used indices were NSFWQI, SAR, %Na and magnesium hazard. Results: average WQI for the Jajrood river (S₁), Damavand river (S₂), mix of S₁ and S₂(S₃) and the Mamloo dam (S₄) were 71.7 (good), 64.5 (medium), 70.6 (medium) and 77.3 (good), respectively. According to USA Laboratory Diagram and Wilcox diagram, all the sampling points were in C₃-S₁(very good to good classes), C₂-S₁(good to permissible classes) categories. Conclusion: According to the results, the water of sampling points is unsuitable for direct human consumption. However, for the S₁, S₂ and S₃ as drinking water, advanced treatment may be needed. For S₄ as a drinking water source, conventional treatment may be necessary. All the sampling points are suitable for irrigation purposes under normal conditions.

Aims: The aim of the study is to assess nitrite residual in highly used processed meat products and investigate risk assessment nitrite in the products in growing age group in Isfahan in 2014. Materials and Methods: The study is descriptive and analytical that 180 highly used processed meat product samples for its nitrite residue has been evaluated by Association of Official Analytical Chemists. In this study, the amount of highly used processed meat product consumption in growing age group has been provided by the questionnaire that has been confirmed by reliability and validity. Results: The amount of nitrite residue in 180 samples that has been evaluated is below the standard of Iran (120 ppm). Amount of nitrite intake from meat products that has been consumed by the growing age group was 0.0058 mg/kg that is 8.28% of daily intake of nitrite. Conclusion: The amount of nitrite intake from highly used processed meat products in growing age group is not in risk range for health human.

Aims: In this study, the amount of the reduction in absorption silencer sound filled with Iranian absorbing materials and influence of thickness and density of adsorbent material in silence was investigated. Materials and Methods: We used galvanized channel 0.6 mm with 30 × 30 cm ² dimension and axial fan. Length of absorptive silencer was 50 cm, and there used the mineral wool absorbent. Absorptive silencer as channel was designed to cross a section of channel and silencers after embedded the absorber be identical together. This study deals with a number of variables that affect performance of absorptive silencer in the channel and their impact on reducing the sound pressure level be examined. Results: In the frequencies 125 and 250 Hz a reduction of sound pressure level was found. While in frequency 500 Hz minimal reduction is achieved. In this study, an increase in the thickness of the absorbent material of absorption silencer, there was a little change in the volume decreasing but with increasing density from 80 to 100 Kg/m ³ better results were seen to reduce noise levels and it caused to increase NR rate. Conclusion: According to data from the present study we can used silencer with 5 cm thick and 100 Kg/m ³ density in the reduction of sound pressure level at frequencies lower than 250 Hz in the ventilation system as an effective device.

Aims: This study was carried to control and monitor the sound using LabVIEW software. Methods: The research was done using LabVIEW software, microphones, and data-acquisition card hardware. Environmental information collected as sound pressure level via microphones and then processed by the data-acquisition card hardware. The information is showed by software as a graph or plot in the next step. Results: This software includes front panel, back panel, and connector panel and with these panels, we can determine information such as various frequency weighting and time weighting. Also, can be specified the sound pressure level, sound amplitude, power spectrum, power spectral density, and other sound characteristics. Conclusion: LabVIEW programming capabilities in the field of sound can be referred to the measurement of sound, frequency analysis, and sound control that actually the software acts like a sound level meter and sound analyzer. According to the mentioned features, we can use this software to analyze and process sound and vibration as a monitoring system.

Aims: The ability of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) for copper adsorption from synthetic wastewater was evaluated. Materials and Methods: The batch adsorption studies were performed under various laboratory conditions with initial Copper concentrations of 1, 5, 10, and 50 mg/l, adsorbent dose of 0.1-0.4 mg/L, contact time of 1-60 min and pH of 5-8. The solution was mixed with a mechanical shaker with 150 r.p.m. at 20°C. The suitability of the adsorbent was evaluated using Langmuir, Freundlich isotherm models. Results: The optimum pH for the copper removal was 6-7. The capacity of copper adsorption at equilibrium conditions increased by increasing the concentration of the adsorbate. On increasing the initial concentration of the Cu solution, copper removal reduced. The maximum removal of copper was obtained in dose 0.4 mg/L SWCNTs, 10 mg/L concentration of copper, pH: 7 and 10 min contact time, which were equal to 94%. The Both on Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models gave the appropriate accordance to the adsorption data (R² > 0.99). The maximum copper adsorption capacity obtained 1.33 mg/g by SWCNTs. Conclusion: The adsorption rate of the copper ions from synthetic wastewater in optimal conditions was quick. In these conditions, the SWCNTs were able to adsorb copper ions from the synthetic wastewater, effectively.

Aims: In this study, the toxicity of three metal plating wastewaters were assessed using sequencing batch reactor (SBR) bacteria. Materials and Methods: For determining the growth inhibition in each metal plating wastewater concentration, the cultured SBR bacteria on nutrient broth media were used and after exposure they cultured on nutrient agar media. Each test was performed in three replicates. Mean of three replicate were analyzed, and no observed effect concentration (NOEC), 50% effective concentration (EC₅₀) was calculated using the probit analysis in SPSS version 16.0 software (SPSS Inc., 233 South Wacker Driv). Results: According to the probit analysis, there is no effect on tested bacteria at the concentrations of 1 mL/L, >50 mL/L and >100 mL/L of metal plating wastewaters in sample 1, 2 and 3, respectively. While almost all bacteria will be dead in the concentration of 1000 mL/L of each metal plating wastewater. Maximum and minimum EC₅₀ were recorded for the metal plating wastewater number 3 (with value of 960 mL/L) and number 1 (with value of 6.5 mL/L). On the other hand, the calculation of NOEC using probit analysis showed that sample 1 is toxic even in minimum concentrations because its NOEC was 1.1 mL/L. Conclusion: Results of this study showed that some metal plating wastewaters in the very low concentrations could induce an adverse effect on the bacterial community structures of WWTPs biological units. Hence, it could be recommended that effluent standards and in-situ treatment rules should be applied according to the kind of process in such industries.

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of E-mail-based intervention on safe crossing behaviors among Isfahan University of Medical Science students, in year 2014 in Iran. Materials and Methods: In over all, 78 boy-students with 22.33 ± 1.65 years were participated in an E-mail-based intervening study. They divided into intervention group (n = 38) and control group (n = 40) by use of random allocation. The instrument of data collection included questionnaire of theory of planned behavior constructs and traffic behaviors. Questionnaires were filled out by both groups at the baseline and 6 months after the educational intervention. The safe crossing educational intervention was conducted within 1-month through E-mail service for the intervention group. The control group received no education. Results: Results showed no significant differences between groups in mean of attitude toward safe crossing, subjective norms (SNs), perceived behavioral control (PBC), intention and safe crossing behaviors at baseline (P > 0.05). MANCOVA test demonstrated that there is a significant difference between groups after the educational intervention with adjusting the effect of age (P = 0.001, F = 31.144, Wilks lambda = 0.313). According to the ANCOVA test, after educational intervention, mean of positive attitude toward safe crossing, PBC, intention and behaviors related to safe crossing were increased in intervention group in comparing control group (P < 0.005). Conclusion: E-mail-based intervention can promote safe crossing behaviors among college students. Conducting further studies with focusing on SNs related to safe crossing is suggested.

Aims: The purpose of the present study was to investigating relationship between perceptual strain index (PeSI) with indices heat strain score (HSSI), wet bulb globe temperature (WGBT) in experimental hot condition. Materials and Methods: This study in five different temperature conditions (21°C, 24°C, 27°C, 30°C, and 35°C) was carried out on 15 male students in the climate chamber and on the treadmill with three levels of the activity. The thermal sensation and perceived exertion was recorded for calculating PeSI, and HSSI questionnaire was completed. Results: Pearson correlation test showed a high correlation (r = 0.84) between the PeSI and HSSI (P = 0.001). Also, Pearson correlation test showed between PeSI with WBGT and air temperature, respectively, a good correlation (r = 0.76) and high correlation (r = 0.81) (P = 0.001). Conclusion: The findings of the study showed that the PeSI can be used for evaluating heat strain in the absence of access to other methods of evaluating heat stress since it has an acceptable correlation with valid indices of heat stress. Also, easy application and quick and cost is much less than other evaluating heat strain indices.

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate sewage sludge quality of Isfahan wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as a fertilizer in agricultural lands. Materials and Methods: The samples were collected seasonally from two WWTPs, including North-Isfahan and Shahin-Shahr in 2012 and 2013, seasonally and biochemical parameters were measured for each site. Results: The studied parameters were meet the Iranian standard level, including pH, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, total solids, organic matter, and moisture content except of magnesium. The carbon-nitrogen ratios was varied 7.41-9.45 and 8.7-9 in Shahin-Shahr and North-Isfahan WWTPs, respectively. The organic nitrogen was composed the highest percentage of the total nitrogen (about 78%) and inorganic nitrogen was in normal ranges. The electrical conductivity was varied 5-8.8 ds/m to 4.6-7.5 ds/m in Shahin-Shahr and North-Isfahan WWTPs, respectively. It may contribute to soil salinity in long term. Maximum nitrogen and phosphorous values were related to winter samples in both WWTPs. In Shahin-Shahr WWTP, minimum and maximum of potassium, calcium, and magnesium were measured in spring while they were the highest in spring in North-Isfahan WWTP. Conclusion: Application of sewage sludge of Isfahan WWTP as a fertilizer could be useful regardless to its microbial contents because it provides essential nutrients for plants growth regardless to its fecal and total coliforms.

Aims: The present study was carried out to determine biokinetic coefficients of a pilot-scale adsorption-bio-oxidation process. Materials and Methods: The pilot plant was simulated North wastewater treatment plant, Isfahan, Iran. The pilot plant was operated 135 days under different mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations in aeration tank. In each phase, MLSS value was kept constant to reach a steady state condition. B-stage has a higher hydraulic retention time and SRT than A-stage. Also, in order to determine influence of biokinetic parameters on the effluent substrate concentration, a sensitivity analysis was performed. Results: The coefficients Y, K _d , K _S , and μ_max of A-stage were 1.34 mg VSS/mg sCOD, 0.17 d⁻¹ , 8.61 mg/L, and 2.78 d⁻¹ , respectively. Also, Y, K _d , K _S , and μ_max of B-stage were 0.74 mg VSS/mg sCOD, 0.12 d⁻¹ , 3.34 mg/L, and 71.94 d⁻¹ , respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that in the A-stage, all coefficients are directly proportional to the effluent sCOD concentration. In the B-stage, K _d and K _S are directly proportional, but μ_max was inversely proportional to the effluent sCOD concentration. Conclusions: All coefficients were in the range of activated sludge coefficients that are mentioned in the literature, except μ_max and K _S of B-stage. However, K _S value of B-stage was close to the desired range. Sensitivity analysis showed that μ_max and K _S have the most influence on effluent substrate concentration (sCOD).

Aims: This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of conventional technologies, UV irradiation and ozonation process, and UV/O₃ as advanced oxidation processes to remove phthalate from aqueous solutions. Materials and Methods: The initial concentration of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was 5 mg/L. The photolysis, ozonation, and UV/O₃ processes were conducted separately at different contact times (5-30 min). Then, the DEHP residuals in the solutions were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The effect of ozone dosage was also evaluated in the range of 50-400 mg/h on DEHP degradation. Kinetic and the rate constants were determined. Results: The results indicated that using UV and ozonation alone, the maximum DEHP removal efficiency were 43% and 50%, respectively. The UV/O₃ process considerably improved the degradation of DEHP up to 80%. The synergistic effect observed in the combined processes mainly due to the effects of UV in enhancing the ozone decomposition, led to higher degradation for 30 min treatment. A kinetic study showed the degradation in UV/O₃ followed the first-order model. In addition, the maximum DEHP removal rate was 74% with 200 mg/h ozone dosage by ozonation alone process, but it was 93% at same condition by UV/O₃ process. Conclusion: It could be found that the UV/O₃ process is a method for DEHP degradation in aqueous solution and may be recommended as a supplement with other processes for treatment of solutions containing low DEHP concentrations.

Aims: This study was conducted to assess health-effects of exposure particulate matter (PM ₁₀ ) in Ahvaz city (located in South-Western Iran), during 2009. Materials and Methods: The adverse health effects of PM ₁₀ were calculated by relative risk (RR) and baseline incidence related to health end point PM ₁₀ . A specialized model, the air quality health impact assessment tool (AirQ2.2.3), was used to assess the potential impacts of PM ₁₀ exposure on human health in Ahvaz city during 2009. PM ₁₀ data was taken from Ahvaz Department of Environment. These data were in volumetric base. Health effects are being related to the mass of pollutants inhaled and should convert on the gravimetric basis. Conversion between volumetric and gravimetric units (correction of temperature and pressure), coding, processing (averaging), and filtering are implemented for solving such problem. Results: The results revealed that approximately 3% of total numbers of deaths and respiratory mortality happened when the PM ₁₀ concentration was over 50 μg/m ³ . Sum of total number of deaths attributed to PM ₁₀ was 1165 cases in 2009. Based on the results of this study, 13% of all respiratory mortality were attributed to PM ₁₀ concentration over 20 μg/m ³ in Ahvaz city during 2009. High percentage of the observed health endpoints was associated with a high concentration of measured PM ₁₀ . Conclusion: Year comparison of PM ₁₀ concentration with standard was revealed particle matter concentration in summer and winter season were higher than standard. Although total mean of particle matter was higher than the standard concentration. The higher percentage of deaths perhaps could be the result of higher average PM ₁₀ or because of sustained high concentration days in Ahvaz.

Aims: In this study, the characterization of heavy metals (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in three different industrial sewage sludges in industrial parks of Isfahan province, Isfahan, Iran. Materials and Methods: Sludge samples were collected from three dry bed wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) within the province during of four seasons of 2011-2012. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma were used to measure PAHs and HMs contents in sludge. Results: The average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, As, Hg, and Se in sewage sludge were 305.67, 514, 1019, 6.46, 102.33, 1181.33, 277.33, 226.83, and 6.35 mg/kg dry weight (d.w.), respectively. The concentrations of HMs in most of the sludge samples were above the regulatory limits for the sludge class 1 and 2 to be used in agriculture in Iran. The levels of ∑₈ PAHs varied from 92.33 μg/ the to 257.87 μg/kg d.w. in the sludge, that lower than the limitation value (6 mg/kg) recommended by the Europe Union and US Environmental Protection Agency for land application. Phenanthrene, pyrene, and fluorene were predominant isomers of PAH in sludge samples. The highest value was found in the Morchekhort WWTP. Conclusion: The concentration and composition of PAHs and HMs in sewage sludge varied and depended mainly on the quantity and type of industrial wastewater accepted by the WWTPs. There is a pyrene in sewage samples that is a carcinogenic. The concentration of HMs in sewage sludge was above of standard levels. Finally, we are not recommended the using of industrial sewage sludge in agriculture because of the high value of HMs was found in samples.

Aims: The aim of this study was decolorization of the synthetic aqueous solution of the acid orange 10 (AO10) dye on Ti/SnO ₂ -Sb anode using the response surface methodology based on central composite design. Materials and Methods: The Ti/SnO ₂ -Sb electrode was prepared using the standard thermal decomposition method and three variables: Current density (CD), pH, and supporting electrolyte concentration were assessed. The dye decoloration was monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance of the remaining dye at the maximum absorption wavelength (λ _max ) of 475 nm on a ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. To measure AO10 mineralization under optimum conditions, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) removal also were evaluated. Results: It was found by the model prediction, minimum dye decolorization was 39% (CD = 6 and pH = 7.5) and maximum dye decolorization was 101% (CD = 65 and pH = 2). Thus, the optimum conditions for AO10 decolorization in synthetic dye solution were electrolyte concentration of 75 mM/L, pH of 2, and CD of 65 mA/cm. Under optimum conditions, decolorization of 100 mg/L dye was complete, and 61.3% and 43.9% COD and TOC removal were recorded after 50 min of electrolysis, respectively. Conclusion: High-efficiency electrochemical degradation of AO10 was achieved over Ti/SnO ₂ -Sb anode as a model electrode. It was concluded that the most effective factor for AO10 decolorization was CD. The electrochemical degradation using Ti/SnO ₂ -Sb electrode is a suitable and an environment-friendly method for the degradation of refractory dyes in aqueous solution.

Aims: Feasibility of the anaerobic migrating blanket reactor (AMBR) was investigated for the treatment of composting leachate. Materials and Methods: The AMBR consisted of a rectangular, plexiglas reactor (inside dimensions: length = 43 cm, height = 23.5 cm, width = 10 cm) with an active volume of 10 L. which divided reactor into four identical compartments (2.5 L). Composting leachate was used as a feed. Start-up of a reactor with diluted feed of approximately 10.43 g/L. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was accomplished in about 44 weeks using seed sludge from the anaerobic digester of municipal wastewater treatment plant and operated continuously at mesophilic phase. The organic loading rates (OLRs) applied to the system was gradually increased from 1 to 19.65 g COD/L.d. Results: The reactor with hydraulic retention time of 10 day at 35΀C and initial OLR of 1 g COD/L.d showed 82.3% COD removal efficiency. The best performance of the reactor was observed with an OLR of 3.79 g COD/L.d. In influent of reactor, BOD ₅ /COD ratio, TSS, VSS and TDS were ranged from 0.47 to 0.69, 1650 to 16,830, 990 to 12,622 and 2630 to 31,240 mg/L and in effluent of reactor were reached to 0.28 to 0.38, 660 to 7452, 346.5 to 4597 and 1860 to 19,490 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion: The AMBR could be an appealing option for pretreatment of organic load in composting leachate and improving the efficiency of the next biological reactors.

Aims: Modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) via ozone was carried out to enhance removal benzene from aqueous solutions. Materials and Methods: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes purchased from the Iranian Research Institute of the Petroleum Industry was oxidized by ozone generator at %80 intensity for 5 min and in 30% NaOCl. Results: The Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that the peaks corresponded to the hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups in modified MWCNTs (MMWCNTs) are more intense than that in non-MMWCNTs. The images of scanning electron microscopy indicated that the MMWCNTs have a lower degree of entanglement with increased porosity compared to the nonmodified one. X-ray diffraction test showed that structural crystallization was increased following the modification. After modification, the efficiency of MWCNTs was increased by 20%. The optimum condition for initial benzene concentration, MWCNT dose, contact time, and pH was: 100 mg/L, 2000 mg/L, 20 min, and 5 respectively. Conclusion: Our research suggested that ozone modification can be a simple method in improvement of the MWCNTs efficiency for removal of benzene from aqueous solution.

Aims: This study was conducted to determine the Fenton performance on the fluoride removal efficiency from aqueous solutions. Materials and Methods: The removal efficiency of fluoride from aqueous solutions by the Fenton was carried out by preparation of the water solutions. The studied concentrations of fluoride were in the range of 1.5-3.5 mg/L, pH 2-11, contact times 1-17 min, and the Fenton ratios in the range of 1:1-1:10. The SPADNS method was used for fluoride determinations. Results: The optimum obtained values of the studied parameters to maximum 67% removal of the fluoride from the solutions were, the fluoride concentration 2.5 mg/L, pH = 3, Fenton ratio (H ₂ O ₂ :Fe) = 1:2 and the contact time of 15 min. Conclusion: The proposed material has successfully been applied to the removal of fluoride in different aqueous solutions having a broad concentration range of fluoride. The simplicity of the proposed fluoride removal material, high removal efficiency, a short time and the use of safe chemicals demonstrate the high potential of the proposed method for routine fluoride removal from water samples. The obtained results showed that Fenton process in the removal of fluoride concentration could be an effective method for the removal of fluoride.

Aims: In this study, the potential capability of compost in the simultaneous adsorption of gas-phase n-hexane and benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene (BTEX) was studied. Materials and Methods: Batch adsorption technique was used to assess the adsorption properties of compost. The pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetics were considered in order to identify the possible mechanism of the adsorption process. Moreover, the suitability of the adsorbent was evaluated using Langmuir, Freundlich and The Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. Results: After 24 h contact time, the adsorption capacity of one g compost was 1.42 mg n-hexane and BTEX for initial concentration of 7.74 mg/l. The adsorption capacities were in order of n-hexane < benzene < toluene < ethylbenzene < xylene. This order is in accordance to the ascending octanol-air partitioning coefficient (K _OA ) order of the compounds (the lowest for n-hexane and the highest for xylene). The kinetics data proved a closer fit to the pseudo-second order model, while the isotherm experimental data were a good correlation to both Freundlich and Langmuir models. Conclusion: The experimental data show that a material with an organic matrix, that is, raw compost, has a higher adsorption capacity for the gaseous compounds with higher K _OA . Overall look to the results of this study indicates that although the raw compost could adsorb gaseous n-hexane and BTEX, its capacity may not be sufficient for the continuous removal of VOCs from the air in the compost-based biofilters, in which biodegradation play a key role.

Amis: The present study was aimed to compare and evaluate the level of microbial (parasitic and bacterial) quality and physicochemical conditions of the water from five different types of indoor swimming pools (three men's and two women's pools). Materials and Method: This research was a cross-sectional study. Totally, 60 water samples were collected from five public swimming pools in Kermanshah, Iran. Microbial (parasitec and bacterial) and physicochemical conditions were examined according to the standard method. Results: Results indicated that the average of physicochemical parameters, except temperature, in all women's swimming pools was more sufficient than the men's swimming pools; but, there was no significant difference between them (P > 0.05). Conclusion: It can be said that, gender cannot be very effective (especially, in terms of physiological characteristics of skin) in varying physicochemical conditions and biological parameters in swimming pools. The main reason for changing these parameters might be attributed to some factors, such as type and extent of relationship between physicochemical and biological parameters, characteristics and source of water, type of filtration system, pools' operation and maintenance, effective disinfection, personal hygiene, etc.

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of parasitic infection via vegetables consumed in Isfahan in 2011. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 120 samples of vegetables were collected from 12 sites in the vegetable supply of Isfahan. Then samples were washed carefully with the detergent, the solution condensed with the Sheeters flotation method and ether Ritchie method in case of detecting parasites with microscope. Statistical analysis was done with Excel and SPSS software. Results: Among the samples, 48.4% were infected with pathogenic and nonpathogenic parasite eggs and larvae, and 51.6% of samples were not infected by parasite. Among the contaminated samples, 48.1% were nonpathogenic, and Giardia with a frequency of 0.4% was the only pathogenic parasite that observed. Conclusion: The study showed that the percentage of parasites in raw vegetables was close to zero. However, the previous study in Isfahan city reported 13% contamination. The reduction in intestinal worm infections is probably the result of development of water and wastewater networks, improvement in public health and public knowledge about parasitic infections and different ways of its prevention.

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate noise pollution levels (NPLs) in Isfahan, compare with guideline values and providing a zoning map. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional type. Totally, 19 stations were selected from most congested areas throughout the city. In determination of these stations, the Isfahan information maps of the city traffic (obtained from Isfahan traffic and transportation organization) were used. Noise parameters L ₁₀ , L ₅₀ , L ₉₀ , L ₉₅ , L ₉₉ , equivalent sound level (L _eq ), sound exposure level, sound pressure level, L _min , L _max , and L _peak were measured using a CEL-440 sound level meter for 3 months of winter 2010-2011. The NPL and traffic noise index were calculated by a mathematical formula. All measurements were carried out twice a day (morning [a.m.] and afternoon [p.m.]) with the time interval of 0.5 h. To prepare the zoning map of the measured L _eq , ArcGIS software version 9.3 was used. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the measured L _eq values in the a.m. and p.m. were 74.6 ΁ 2.78 and 72.6 ΁ 4.43 dB _(A) , respectively. In comparison, there was a significant difference between the average L _eq values of a.m. and p.m. (P < 0.001) and both were higher than the noise guidelines suggested by Iranian environmental protection organization. The zoning maps show that the maximum L _eq in the a.m. (78.3 dB _(A) ) was related to Ferdowsi bridge station and in the p.m. (79.6 dB _(A) ) was dedicated to Jomhoori square station. Conclusion: It can be concluded that as in the most cases the noise levels of Isfahan exceeded from the guideline values. This city is categorized in the noisy/crowded cities in Iran. Thus, noise pollution of Isfahan can be a serious problem and investigating its reasons is recommended.

Aims: This study was conducted to investigate the indoor and outdoor air quality at Ashayer Hospital in Khorramabad, Lorestan, Iran, from May-August 2013. Materials and Methods: Air samples were collected using the ZEFON pump (ZEFON factory, USA) based on manufacturer instructions. Bacteria were isolated via differential methods. Diagnosis of fungi was performed based on amount of fungal colonies growth, shapes, colors, pigments, and microscopic procedure. The effects of various environmental factors including temperature, humidity and outdoor bioaerosol levels were also investigated. Results: Staphylococcus spp. were the most predominant isolated bacteria from studied wards. Furthermore, other microorganisms including Streptococcus spp. Corynebacterium spp., and Micrococcus spp. were also isolated from the hospital air. Moreover, the most frequent fungus in indoor environments of hospital was Penicillium spp., while Aspergillusspp. and Alternaria spp. were the next frequent ones. In addition, the most frequent fungi in adjacent outdoors were Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Cladosporium spp., respectively. No significant difference was found between the mean concentrations of bioaerosols in inside and outside of hospital (P > 0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that the bioaerosols level in the hospitals were relatively high. Thus, hospitals should enhance practice of good sanitation protocols and infection control measures.

Aims: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between traffic noise and drivers' reaction time (RT) and their error in estimates of movement time. Materials and Methods: In over all, 80 university students with at least 3 years postlicense experience of driving were divided into two groups including traffic noise exposure and control group. S5 test of Vienna test system package was used for assessment of RT. In addition, time-movement anticipation was employed for measuring the rate of error in estimation of movement time before exposing to the traffic noise. After a 1-month interval, participants in the experimental group were exposed to traffic noise about 2 h and the tests were performed again for both groups. Results: Accordingly, RT was statistically higher after traffic noise exposure for male and female. However, there was no significant difference between time of movement before and after exposure to traffic noise both for male and female (P > 0.05). In addition, no difference was shown between movement time, number of accurate estimates, and number of estimates with gross errors before and after of traffic noise exposure in experimental and control group. Conclusion: The results suggest that traffic noise may be associated with poorer mental processing, which can result in longer RT during driving. Therefore, traffic noise would expose drivers to consequent accidents and incidents.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to remove azonium compound using the photocatalytic property of nickel (Ni)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO ₂ ) nanoparticles coated on Iranian natural zeolite. Materials and Methods: Nickel-doped TiO ₂ nanoparticles with the molar ratios of 0, 0.17, 2, 9% Ni/TiO ₂ were prepared via the sol-gel process and coated on Iranian natural zeolite clinoptilolite (CLI). Afterward, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma studies were conducted to describe Ni and titanium. Photocatalytic removal of azo dye in concentrations of 25 and 50 mg/L was performed by fixing the composite under ultraviolet irradiation. Results: TiO ₂ nanoparticles in both the anatase and rutile phases were obtained via the sol-gel method with the ratios of 86.33%, (34.44 nm particle size) and 13.67% (18 nm particle size) and were then coated on Iranian natural CLI zeolite. The results indicated that the photocatalytic removal efficiency of the 9% Ni/TiO ₂ -CLI samples, in which the azo dye concentrations were 25 and 50 mg/L, was 93% and 79% at 160 min. In addition, the composition of the 9% Ni/TiO ₂ -CLI possessed the greatest removal rate difference of azo dye at the concentrations of 25 and 50 mg/L. Conclusion: Application of Iranian CLI as a substrate is the most cost-effective way to increase the photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, adding Ni to TiO ₂ can increase the photocatalyst removal efficiency of azonium compound.

Aims: The present study was conducted to identify Nocardia spp. from Iran soil by various phenotypic tests. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 soil samples were collected of five different geographical regions in Iran. Nocardia isolation was performed by paraffin baiting technique. The colonies that were similar to be Nocardia spp. were stained with Gram, partially acid fast and acid-fast. Phenotypic tests were used for identification of Nocardia spp. Results: After analysis of phenotypic tests, the identified species are as follow: Nocardia asteroides (49.12%), Nocardia cyriacigeorgica (24.56%), Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (38.6%), N. asteroides complex (19.29%), Nocardia africana (3.5%), and Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis, Nocardia coubleae, Nocardia ignorata (each species; 1.75%). In this study, some of isolates (8.77%) remained undetected. Conclusion: Due to great number of Nocardia spp., high similarities among biochemical characteristics of species and the variability of some these characters, a wide range of biochemical tests should be used to identify Nocardia spp. to gain more accurate results.

Aims: The aim of this study is Cr (VI) removal by titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalytic reduction and the effect of phenol and humic acid (HA) on its removal efficiency are investigated. Materials and Methods: The experiments were performed on both simulated synthetic wastewater and real wastewater. Various parameters such as pH, contact time, Cr (VI) and TiO ₂ concentrations, and a constant concentration of phenol and HA were considered to perform the experiments. Results: The removal value of Cr (VI) alone is 81% and in combination with HA and phenol is 89.7% and 96.2%, respectively. Cr (VI) removal efficiency was enhanced by decreasing pH and contact time. With increasing TiO ₂ dosage, the removal of Cr (VI) increased, up to 0.5 g/L and then decreased at 1 g/L. Cr (VI) removal efficiency decreases with the increase of Cr (VI) initial concentration. Removal efficiency, in 10 mg/L initial concentration of phenol and HA, was enhanced as contact time increased. Equilibrium data and adsorption process kinetics obey Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo second-order kinetic model, respectively. Conclusions: Heavy metal ions and organic pollutants are often present in real wastewater. This research suggests that the photocatalytic reaction TiO ₂ could be applied to more effectively treat wastewaters containing both Cr (VI) and organic compounds.

Aims: This work evaluated the surface and groundwater quality of Mohanpur area, Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. Multivariate statistical techniques were also applied to determine the possible sources of water contamination. Materials and Methods: Water samples were collected from randomly selected ten different sampling sites for analyzing the chemical parameters including pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, total alkalinity, Cl⁻ , NO3⁻ and some heavy metals such as Mn, Pb, Cd, and As concentrations. Concentrations of heavy metals were determined using atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Results: Based on hydrochemical characteristics, surface and groundwater in the study area were, in general, fresh, hard, and alkaline in nature. All chemical parameters were within the WHO water quality guidelines. Whereas, among four analyzed heavy metals Pb, and Cd concentrations exceeded the WHO recommended values. Pearson correlation matrix showed a number of statistically significant associations (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05) among the examined water quality parameters. Moreover, principal component (PC) analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used to analyze the water quality dataset. PCA analysis identified two PCs as responsible for the data structure explaining 72.53% of the total variance in water quality. PCA indicated that the water quality variations were mainly of anthropogenic origin through agricultural and municipal discharges. Results of CA revealed three significant groups of similarity among the 10 sampling sites. Conclusions: It could be deduced from the present results that water contamination was occurred to some extent throughout the area, and is likely to be continued in the near future. Improvement of local sanitation system along with frequent training and awareness programs can help in developing water quality in the studied area.

Aims: The aims of this study were to monitor the concentration of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes (BTEX) in the ambient air of the city of Shahreza gas stations and to identify the spreading distance of the pollutants from the fueling stations. Materials and Methods: Sampling was carried out from the air of 10 existing fuel stations, (2 compressed natural gas and 8 gasoline and diesel stations) and points of 50, 150 and 250 m away from the stations during cold and warm seasons in 2013. Air samples were taken via active sampling process using activated carbon tubes, extracted by carbon disulfide and analyzed by a gas chromatograph coupled to a flame ionization detector. Results: The averages of all achieved BTEX concentrations were under/around the permitted guideline levels for occupational exposure. According to the ambient air guidelines, the benzene level was much higher than the suggested levels in all the stations. However, the average concentrations of toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene were not exceeded from the standards. The seasonal variation had no influence on the concentrations of BTEX. There was no significant difference between the pollutants concentrations at points 50, 150 and 250 m away from the stations. Conclusions: Fuel stations could be the main sources of volatile organic compounds emission in the city of Shahreza. The number and volume of refueling in the gas stations influence the emission rates. Therefore, it is suggested to take preventive actions such as repairing of pumps and tanks leak and installing vapor return systems at the time of fuel transferring.

Aims: The objectives of this study were to determine the perchlorate concentrations in surface soils and assess feasibility of anaerobic bioremediation in full-scale for perchlorate-contaminated soils in a war zone. Materials and Methods: Fifteen samples of surface soil were collected using a composite sampling method in the study area. The soil samples, after extraction and preparation, were analyzed by ion chromatography. Anaerobic composting technique (soil excavation, mixing with manure, transfer into treatment cell and cover with a 6-mil high-density polyethylene liner) considered to cleanup perchlorate-contaminated soil in a war zone. Results: The concentration of perchlorate in the soil surface samples ranged from 3 to 107.9 mg/kg, which is more than State advisory levels for residential and protection of domestic groundwater use pathway. This study indicates that technologies, skills, experience, raw materials (manure), lands, and machinery needed for implementation of full-scale composting, are available in the study area. Conclusions: Based on the results, anaerobic composting technique could be considered as a feasible, viable and cost-effective alternative for perchlorate bioremediation in the study area. According to the available of techniques and skills, successful experiences of anaerobic composting in other countries, and potential of study area, The application of anaerobic composting is technically feasible and can be use for perchlorate contaminated soil cleanup in a zone war.

Aims: This study aimed to assess the microbial contamination status of drinking water supply among buses at the main bus terminal in Isfahan. Materials and Methods: About 184 drinking water samples were taken randomly from buses arriving at the Sofeh terminal in Isfahan in 2011. For data analysis of one-sample, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (α = 0.05).and Mann-Whitney U-test with a significant difference (α = 0.05) was used for the effect of setting insulated water tank in cities bus to reduce microbial contamination. Results: Results showed that 15% of all samples were contaminated with total coliforms and 2.5% of samples contaminated with fecal coliforms. The most contaminated samples were related to buses arriving from Shiraz and Booshehr, (fecal MPN~4). About 16.66% of all samples collected from buses without insulated water tanks were contaminated with total coliforms and fecal coliforms. Conclusion: Results indicated that the drinking water available on investigated public transportation was not safe for public health. However, the highest levels of microbial contamination were observed in samples taken from buses without insulated water tanks. In conclusion, a constant and systematic monitoring system is recommended to prevent contamination of drinking water available on buses.

Aims: The present study aimed to evaluate the assessment methods of human errors and compare the results of these techniques in order to introduce the precise method of human error assessment, and recognize the factors affecting the occurrence of these errors. Materials and Methods: This case study was done at three workstation control room of a cement industry in 2014. After determining the responsibilities and critical jobs by hierarchical task analysis, cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM) and human error assessment and reduction technique (HEART) were used in order to analyze the human errors. Results: The results showed that in the CREAM method, the highest probability of error occurrence is related to monitoring and control (operator) with a probability of 0.207, and that of in the HEART method, is related to control signs (operator) with a probability of 0.416. The number of errors detected by CREAM and HEART method were 85 and 80, respectively. Time and cost of applying the CREAM methods were 235 h and 1175($), while those in the HEART techniques were 215 h and 1075($). Conclusion: We concluded that the highest probability of calculated errors relates to "monitoring and control (operator)," "controlling warning signs (operators)," and "cooperation in solving the problem (supervisor)" for both techniques. By considering the time and cost factors, HEART has superiority, while CREAM is better due to its extensive evaluation and the number of detected errors.

Aims: In this study, management of industrial waste in industries located between Tehran and Karaj in 2009-2010 was examined. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study which was done by site survey (Iranian environmental protection organization) questionnaire usage and results analysis. This questionnaire was consisted of 45 questions about industrial waste, quantity, quality, and management. A total number of industries with over 50 employees was 283, and Stratified sampling method was used. Sample of size 50 was selected from 283cases. Results: The major hazardous waste-generating industries include chemical and plastic. Private sectors disposed 45% of generated waste. Majority of wastes were buried (62%), and only 17% of industrial waste was recycled. Conclusion: For hazardous waste reduction in this zone and health and economic attractions, the opportunity for reuse and recovery for these wastes must maximize in short-term and burial of industrial waste must be minimized. Industries such as chemical-plastic and electronics which have higher hazardous waste, in long-term, must be replaced with other industries such as wood cellulose and paper that have lower hazardous waste production rate.

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the geographical pattern of stomach cancer and its probable link to heavy metal concentration high-risk area of Kurdistan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study analyzed the deaths due to cancer over a period of 2006-2010. The data were collected from health deputy of Kurdistan province. Spatial distribution map of cancer was prepared using geographic information system software. Finally, the distribution map of heavy metals that could be related to stomach cancer was provided. Results: The spatial distribution maps of stomach cancer mortality shows that the highest mortality rate for the stomach cancer was identified in Divandareh, Bijar and Saghez cites. These cities have shown high concentration of heavy metals. Overlaying the map of stomach cancer via distribution of heavy metals in mineral deposits shows that lead, arsenic and antimony concentration in the city were higher density and can lead to stomach cancer. Conclusions: This study showed that the death rate related to cancer in men and rural area was higher than women and urban area. In addition, the statistical analysis showed a high correlation between gastric cancer and living in the area with mineral deposit of lead, arsenic and antimony.

Aims: The aim of this study was the performance evaluation of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane process as an advanced treatment to secondary effluent quality improvement in Isfahan - Morchekhort Industrial Estate wastewater treatment plant. Materials and Methods: Membrane system used in this study included a flat sheet UF module of polysulfone with 0.1 μm pore size. The coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation (Coag, Floc, Sed) and rapid sand filtration in conjunction with granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration was used as pretreatment of secondary effluent. All test methods was obtained of standard method for the examination of water and wastewater. Results: The membrane system could decrease turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total hardness (TH), total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), total nitrogen (TN) and Cl⁻ , 24.5, 19, 48, 10.5, 94.5, 85.1, 15.4 and 1.01%, respectively. Conclusion: UF was able to improve chemical parameters of secondary effluent and meet national environmental standards. However, achievement to optimum operation of this system requires adequate pretreatments such as adding filter aid, sand filtration and GAC. The most part of suspended particles expressed by turbidity was removed within UF membrane, whereas only a little of organic substance expressed by COD or color and salt expressed by conductivity could be removed.

Aims: In this study, removal efficiency of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in Stabilization pond plant was investigated. Materials and Methods: In this study, 64 samples were taken for 1-year in stabilization pond plant of Yazd city, central of Iran, in 2010. The samples were analyzed according to the standard methods. Methylene blue active substances were used to determine the amount of anionic surfactants. Results: The most removal efficiency of anionic surfactants occurred in secondary facultative stabilization pond in summer and the least removal efficiency of anionic surfactant in anaerobic stabilization pond in the autumn was obtained. Conclusion: According to the environmental standards for discharge of treated wastewater to the surface water, agricultural water usage and discharge to absorbent wells with P < 0.5 have significant difference values are more than standards.

Aims: In this study, the health impacts of SO2 in three cities, including Ahvaz, Kermanshah and Boushehr was quantified and compared based on modeling using data from Department of Environment (DoE) in 2011. Materials and Methods: Required data were collected from DoE and Meteorological Organization. Later, data were processed by Excel software and entered into AirQ Model; this model is identified by the World Health Organization. The processes include: Correction of temperature and pressure, matching the unit with the model. Results: Results from three study areas showed that SO ₂ concentration in Kermanshah city with the annual average of 103 μg/m ³ and in Boushehr city with 44 μg/m ³ was the highest and lowest in 2011, respectively. In all three cities, 8% and 1% increase in risk of cardiovascular and respiratory mortality was observed, respectively, per 10 μg/m ³ increased in concentration of SO ₂ . Conclusion: About 60% of cardiovascular deaths attributed to SO ₂ in ambient air of Ahvaz occurred in days with pollutant not exceeding 90 μg/m ³ , whereas 46% and 41% of this health end point occurred in days with sulfur dioxide concentration not exceeding 190 μg/m ³ and 100 μg/m ³ in ambient air of Kermanshah and Boushehr, respectively. In comparison, Kermanshah and Boushehr were the highest and lowest in view of cardiovascular and respiratory mortality attributed to SO ₂ concentration in 2011, respectively.

Aims: The concentration of Cd, Cr, Al and Pb present in inhalable air and deposited dust in a metal-mechanical parts manufacturing plant in Puebla, México were determined in order to assess the occupational exposure of workers in this plant. Materials and Methods: Fourteen air samples, six from the metal welding (MW) and eight from the metal forming (MF) areas, as well as metal dust accumulated on the floor of an auto part manufacturing plant, were collected. Sampling and analysis followed the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended methods for metals in inhalable air. Results: The average concentration of Al and Cd determined in a volume of inhalable air were adequate under NIOSH maximal exposure concentration limits in both sampled sites. Average concentrations of 0.001 (MF sampling site) and 0.105 μg/L (MW sampling site) for Al; 0.003 (MF) and 0.0005 (MW) μg/L for Cd, with respect to the NIOHS limits, 10 and 0.005 μg/L, for Al and Cd, respectively. However, Cr and Pb concentrations exceeded or were close to the limits recommended by NIOHS in both places (0.5 and 0.05 μg/L for Cr and Pb, respectively). Average concentrations of 0.345 (MF) and 0.77 (MW) μg/L for Cr and 0.153 (MF) and 0.649 (MW) μg/L for Pb, were determined. Levels of metal content (Cd, Cr and Pb) in powder samples collected in both sampling sites were also higher than the suggested limits. Conclusion: The average concentration of Cr and Pb exceeded the limits recommended by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and NIOSH for inhalable air in the workplace. Workers may be on risk of heavy metal occupational exposure. It is endorsed to implement safety measurements to avoid the breathing of contaminated air and also industrial level systems for dust and aerosol particle filtering or precipitation, altogether with stricter policies to regulate heavy metal exposure at these industries.

Aims: This study investigates the potential of chitin shrimp shells for the removal of arsenic (V) and zinc (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Materials and Methods: In this study, the chitin was extracted from shrimp shells for arsenate and zinc ions removal from aqueous solutions. The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and initial metal ion concentration on As (V) and Zn (II) removal were investigated in a batch system. Results: The equilibrium data were described using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The Langmuir equation was used to find the maximum adsorption capacity for arsenate (11.574 mg/g) and Zn (270.27 mg/g). Biosorption was found to depend significantly on the pH of the solution and is optimal at pH values of 4 and 7. To determine the rate-controlling mechanism for metallic ion adsorption, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equation kinetic models were tested with experimental adsorption kinetic data. Modeling results revealed that As (V) and Zn (II) kinetics data were successfully described using pseudo-first and second-order models, respectively. FTIR analyses showed that hydroxyl and carboxyl groups could be very effective for capturing these metals. Conclusion: Results showed that the chitin is a good adsorbent for the removal of arsenate and zinc ions from aqueous solutions.

Aims: The main goal of this paper was to evaluate the effectiveness of Helmholtz resonator in noise reduction of duct equipped with active noise control (ANC). Materials and Methods: Noise frequency band was produced by a propeller fan, which was spread into a plexiglas duct. The noise was formed by digital signal processing (DSP) to estimate the anti-noise which spreads along the duct to postpone the primary noise as a response to DSP. In this method, fan noise was recorded with a microphone. The anti-noise with the same amplitude was reproduced, and the reverse phase postpones the original noise at the primary noise path by a speaker. The designed Helmholtz resonator was installed on the duct for detecting the reduction noise at the tonal interest frequency of 300 Hz. Helmholtz resonators can give sound attenuation at a narrowband of frequencies, close to its resonance frequency. The overall decline changes were estimated in order to predict the effectiveness of the method. Results: In this study, a noise discount of 5-10 dB at the peak frequencies has been observed. The peak frequency of residual noise has reduced 5-10 dB. The value is more than applying ANC system solely to optimize noise lessening of produced noise by a fan along the designed duct. Conclusion: Use of Helmholtz resonator is proposed as a suggestion to optimize the process of noise fall in duct. This study is concerned with the attenuation of tonal noise transmission in ducts by using ANC and side branch resonators together.

Aims: The main purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency of a sequencing treatment including ultraviolet (UV)/H ₂ O ₂ oxidation followed by a moving bed bioreactor (MBBR). Materials and Methods: Effect of solution pH, reaction time, and H ₂ O ₂ concentration were investigated for an industrial wastewater sample. The effluent of the advanced oxidation processes unit was introduced to the MBBR operated for three hydraulic retention times of 4, 8, and 12 h. Results: The optimum condition for industrial wastewater treatment via advanced oxidation was solution pH: 7, H ₂ O ₂ dose: 1000 mg/L and 90 min reaction time. These conditions led to 74.68% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and 66.15% biochemical oxygen demand (BOD ₅ ) removal from presedimentation step effluent that initially had COD and BOD ₅ contents of 4,400 and 1,950 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion: Combination of UV/H ₂ O ₂ advanced oxidation with MBBR could result in effluents that meet water quality standards for discharge to receiving waters.

Aims: This study was aimed to determine the TiO ₂ /zeolite photocatalytic activity for removing red Safranin dye form aqueous phase. Materials and Methods: In this study, TiO ₂ nanoparticles were produced using sol-gel method and 2.5 ml sol-gel was coated on 1.2222 g of zeolite. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were applied to specify the structure and morphology of TiO ₂ nanoparticles. The effect of TiO ₂ coating on zeolite, ultraviolet (UV) radiation intensity, initial concentration of dye and the type of photocatalyst substrate (fixed and moving) on photocatalytic process was investigated. Results: According to XRD results, the TiO ₂ nanoparticles had two phases including anatase (80.5%) and rutile (19.5%). The uniformity of nanoparticles was obvious in the SEM images. The removal efficiency of TiO ₂ coated on zeolite was higher than TiO ₂ photocatalysis with increasing UV radiation intensity from 2.4 w/m ² to 3.9 w/m ² , the photocatalytic efficiency was also enhanced. The removal efficiency decreased from 91.61% to 77.91% by increasing the red Safranin dye concentration from 10 mg/L to 50 mg/L. The moving bed of TiO ₂ /zeolite photocatalyst had a higher efficiency than the fixed bed. Conclusion: In over all, the TiO ₂ /zeolite photocatalyst was much more effective than TiO ₂ photocatalyst for Safranin dye removal from the aqueous phase. With increasing UV radiation intensity and decreasing dye concentration photocatalytic efficiency, was improved. TiO ₂ /zeolite photocatalyst with fixed bed is recommended to be used in water treatment. The most important problem of using moving-bed TiO ₂ /zeolite photocatalyst in the water treatment is opacity.

Aims: The aims of this study were to analyze the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen (CHNS-O) content of compost derived from Isfahan-Iran municipal solid waste using thermal elemental analyzer and to develop an approximate empirical chemical formula for the organic fraction of the mature compost as a function of its elemental composition. Materials and Methods: The compost samples (1 kg) were collected from different parts of the windrows and thoroughly mixed in accordance with standard methods. After drying and milling, each sample was introduced to an elemental analyzer to measure their CHNS-O contents. The moisture content, temperature, and pH value were also monitored in three different windrows during the process. Results: An approximate chemical empirical formula calculated for the organic fraction of the compost was: C ₂₀₄ H ₃₂₅ O ₈₅ N ₇₇ S. Conclusion: According to this formula, it appears that the mature compost produced in the site contains higher value of nondegradable nitrogen, which leads to a lower total C/N ratio. Therefore, improving the primary separation of raw material in the composting plant particularly severance of plastic materials can result in an optimum C/N ratio.

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between environmental and physiological heat stress indices based on heart rate (HR), oral temperature for the estimation of heat strain, in veiled women in hot-dry condition in the climate chamber. Materials and Methods: The experimental study was carried out on 36 healthy Muslim women in hot-dry climatic conditions (wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) = 22-32°C) in low workload for 2 h. The HR, oral temperature and WBGT index were measured. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation tests. Results: The results of the Pearson test indicated that physiological strain index was a high correlation (r = 0.975) with WBGT index (P < 0.05). Also, there was a good correlation among WBGT and HR (r = 0.779) and oral temperature (r = 0.981). Conclusion: The findings of this study illustrated that there is a good correlation between environmental and physiological heat stress indices in veiled women with Islamic clothing at the low workload over the action limit (WBGT = 31°C). So that it can be concluded that the WBGT 22-32°C is a good indicator of the heat strain in veiled women with Islamic clothing.

Aim: The study aimed to assess the prevalence of Listeria spp. in raw milk and traditional non-pasteurized dairy products in Isfahan, Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 292 samples of raw milk and traditional dairy were examined for the presence of Listeria spp. using a two-step selective enrichment recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture. All isolates were subjected to standard biochemical tests. L. monocytogenes strains were further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Results: Of 292 samples, 21 (7.14%) and 4 (1.47%) were positive for Listeria spp. and pathogenic L. monocytogenes, respectively. The prevalence of Listeria spp. in raw milk, ice cream, cream, and freni were 5.91 (5.49%), 12.63 (19.04%), 3.27 (11.11%) and 1.25 (4%), respectively. Listeria was not detected from yogurt, butter, Kashk, and cheese. Listeria innocua at 16.21 (5.44%) was the most prevalent species isolated, followed by L. monocytogenes at 4.21 (19%) and L. seeligeri at 1.21 (4.7%). All strains of L. monocytogenes identified by biochemical tests were also confirmed by PCR. Conclusion: The study shows the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in raw milk and traditional dairy products sold in the market. Consumption of raw milk with mild heat treatment or its usage in traditional dishes could pose serious health problems due to lack of appropriate control measures. The lack of knowledge on the risks of listeriosis transmission indicates the need for implementation of a food safety education program. In addition, the Iranian food safety authorities should urgently set up an effective standard to screen all susceptible food products for the presence of Listeria.